From fa799fb1156cfbc7df8505463cccbc1331b3546d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sat, 3 Dec 2022 21:25:53 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 01/12] Start Bi-infinite ranges

---
 src/InfiniteArrays.jl   |  2 +-
 src/biinfrange.jl       | 21 +++++++++++++++++++++
 test/test_biinfrange.jl |  8 ++++++++
 3 files changed, 30 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 src/biinfrange.jl
 create mode 100644 test/test_biinfrange.jl

diff --git a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
index abf3a8c..7765b6c 100644
--- a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
+++ b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ end
     return LazyArrays.searchsortedlast_recursive(n, x, args...)
 end
 
-
+include("biinfrange.jl")
 
 
 end # module
diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bdc8f52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+"""
+BiInfUnitRange()
+
+Represent -∞:∞ with offset indexing
+"""
+struct BiInfUnitRange{T<:Real} <: AbstractInfUnitRange{T} end
+
+BiInfUnitRange() = BiInfUnitRange{Int}()
+
+AbstractArray{T}(a::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}(a)
+AbstractVector{T}(a::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}(a)
+
+unitrange(a::BiInfUnitRange) = a
+Base.has_offset_axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = true
+
+getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::Integer) where T = convert(T, i)
+axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = (BiInfUnitRange(),)
+first(::BiInfUnitRange) = -∞
+show(io::IO, ::BiInfUnitRange{Int}) = print(io, "BiInfUnitRange()")
+
+getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = convert(AbstractVector{T}, s)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a2b3d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+using InfiniteArrays, Base64, Test
+using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
+
+@testset "-∞:∞" begin
+    r = BiInfUnitRange()
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
+    
+end
\ No newline at end of file

From 85b07b44732dab1bee37760aaa78ef76da83efee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2025 07:39:38 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 02/12] Update test_biinfrange.jl

---
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index 0a2b3d3..ca35566 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -4,5 +4,5 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
 @testset "-∞:∞" begin
     r = BiInfUnitRange()
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
-    
+    @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
 end
\ No newline at end of file

From 34f57c3a2d00a9d075a634b936924d23bda5e403 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 14 Dec 2025 07:49:41 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 03/12] try to fix printing

---
 src/biinfrange.jl       | 1 +
 src/infrange.jl         | 1 +
 test/runtests.jl        | 4 ++++
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 1 +
 4 files changed, 7 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index bdc8f52..28ba42c 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ unitrange(a::BiInfUnitRange) = a
 Base.has_offset_axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = true
 
 getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::Integer) where T = convert(T, i)
+getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::RealInfinity) where T = i
 axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = (BiInfUnitRange(),)
 first(::BiInfUnitRange) = -∞
 show(io::IO, ::BiInfUnitRange{Int}) = print(io, "BiInfUnitRange()")
diff --git a/src/infrange.jl b/src/infrange.jl
index b551551..61ea4c1 100644
--- a/src/infrange.jl
+++ b/src/infrange.jl
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ _range(a::Real,          ::Nothing,         ::Nothing, len::InfiniteCardinal{0})
 _range(a::AbstractFloat, ::Nothing,         ::Nothing, len::InfiniteCardinal{0}) = _range(a, oftype(a, 1),   nothing, len)
 _range(a::T, st::T, ::Nothing, ::InfiniteCardinal{0}) where T<:IEEEFloat = InfStepRange{T,T}(a, st)
 _range(a::T, st::T, ::Nothing, ::InfiniteCardinal{0}) where T<:AbstractFloat = InfStepRange{T,T}(a, st)
+_range(a::Infinities.AllInfinities, ::Nothing, ::Nothing, length::Int) = Fill(a, length)
 range_start_step_length(a, st, ::InfiniteCardinal{0}) = InfStepRange(a, st)
 range_start_step_length(a::Real, st::IEEEFloat, len::InfiniteCardinal{0}) = range_start_step_length(promote(a, st)..., len)
 range_start_step_length(a::IEEEFloat, st::Real, len::InfiniteCardinal{0}) = range_start_step_length(promote(a, st)..., len)
diff --git a/test/runtests.jl b/test/runtests.jl
index cdeebe4..aa49614 100644
--- a/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/test/runtests.jl
@@ -564,6 +564,10 @@ end
         @test_throws ArgumentError [1:∞; [1.0]; 1:∞]
         @test_throws ArgumentError [1:∞; 1; [1]]
     end
+
+    @testset "range from ∞" begin
+        @test range(ℵ₀; length=5) ≡ Fill(ℵ₀, 5)
+    end
 end
 
 @testset "fill" begin
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index ca35566..c8b7ded 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
     r = BiInfUnitRange()
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
     @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
+    @test exp.(r)[-3] == exp(-3)
 end
\ No newline at end of file

From a33a187b6adff1cd0b362b4e452ad6fbf0d452d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 09:08:22 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 04/12] Update runtests.jl

---
 test/runtests.jl | 3 ++-
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/test/runtests.jl b/test/runtests.jl
index aa49614..268a28a 100644
--- a/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1300,7 +1300,8 @@ end
     @test !checkbounds(Bool, r, Fill(true, 1))
 end
 
+include("test_biinfrange.jl")
 include("test_infconv.jl")
 include("test_infblock.jl")
 include("test_infbanded.jl")
-include("test_infblockbanded.jl")
+include("test_infblockbanded.jl")
\ No newline at end of file

From 7649693c6818295059b938bd96a769bbcd86291f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 10:44:54 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 05/12] add print

---
 src/InfiniteArrays.jl |  2 +-
 src/biinfrange.jl     | 82 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
index 2a92ec8..11bcb60 100644
--- a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
+++ b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import Base: *, +, -, /, <, ==, >, \, ≤, ≥, (:), @propagate_inbounds,
              searchsortedfirst, searchsortedlast, setindex!, show, show_circular, show_delim_array, sign,
              signbit, similar, size, sort, sort!, step, sum, tail,
              to_shape, transpose, unaliascopy, union, unitrange_last, unsafe_convert, unsafe_indices, unsafe_length,
-             vcat, zeros, copyto!, range_start_step_length
+             vcat, zeros, copyto!, range_start_step_length, undef_ref_str, alignment
 
 if VERSION ≥ v"1.11.0-DEV.21"
    using LinearAlgebra: UpperOrLowerTriangular
diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index 28ba42c..8647741 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -19,4 +19,84 @@ axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = (BiInfUnitRange(),)
 first(::BiInfUnitRange) = -∞
 show(io::IO, ::BiInfUnitRange{Int}) = print(io, "BiInfUnitRange()")
 
-getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = convert(AbstractVector{T}, s)
\ No newline at end of file
+getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = convert(AbstractVector{T}, s)
+
+
+
+function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, rowsA::BiInfUnitRange, colsA)
+    hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
+    ncols, idxlast = length(colsA), last(colsA)
+    if !(get(io, :limit, false)::Bool)
+        screenheight = screenwidth = typemax(Int)
+    else
+        sz = displaysize(io)::Tuple{Int,Int}
+        screenheight, screenwidth = sz[1] - 4, sz[2]
+    end
+    screenwidth -= length(pre)::Int + length(post)::Int
+    presp = repeat(" ", length(pre)::Int)  # indent each row to match pre string
+    postsp = ""
+    @assert textwidth(hdots) == textwidth(ddots)
+    sepsize = length(sep)::Int
+    m, n = length(rowsA), length(colsA)
+    # To figure out alignments, only need to look at as many rows as could
+    # fit down screen. If screen has at least as many rows as A, look at A.
+    # If not, then we only need to look at the first and last chunks of A,
+    # each half a screen height in size.
+    quarterheight = div(screenheight,4)
+    halfheight = 2quarterheight+1
+    rowsA = -quarterheight:quarterheight
+    # Similarly for columns, only necessary to get alignments for as many
+    # columns as could conceivably fit across the screen
+    maxpossiblecols = div(screenwidth, 1+sepsize)
+    if n > maxpossiblecols
+        colsA = [colsA[(0:maxpossiblecols-1) .+ firstindex(colsA)]; colsA[(end-maxpossiblecols+1):end]]
+    else
+        colsA = [colsA;]
+    end
+    A = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, screenwidth, screenwidth, sepsize, ncols)
+    # Nine-slicing is accomplished using print_matrix_row repeatedly
+    if n <= length(A) # rows don't fit, cols do, so only vertical ellipsis
+        print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, A, sep, vmod, 1, false)
+        print(io, postsp * '\n')
+        for i in rowsA
+            print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+            i == 0 && print(io, "\e[1m")
+            print_matrix_row(io, X,A,i,colsA,sep,idxlast)
+            i == 0 && print(io, "\e[0m")
+            print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp)
+            if i != rowsA[end] || i == rowsA[halfheight]; println(io); end
+            if i == rowsA[halfheight]
+                print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+                print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, A, sep, vmod, 1, false)
+                print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp * '\n')
+            end
+        end
+    else # neither rows nor cols fit, so use all 3 kinds of dots
+        c = div(screenwidth-length(hdots)::Int+1,2)+1
+        Ralign = reverse(alignment(io, X, rowsA, reverse(colsA), c, c, sepsize, ncols))
+        c = screenwidth - sum(map(sum,Ralign)) - (length(Ralign)-1)*sepsize - length(hdots)::Int
+        Lalign = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, c, c, sepsize, ncols)
+        r = mod((length(Ralign)-n+1),vmod) # where to put dots on right half
+        for i in rowsA
+            print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+            print_matrix_row(io, X,Lalign,i,colsA[1:length(Lalign)],sep,idxlast)
+            print(io, (i - first(rowsA)) % hmod == 0 ? hdots : repeat(" ", length(hdots)::Int))
+            print_matrix_row(io, X,Ralign,i,(n-length(Ralign)).+colsA,sep,idxlast)
+            print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp)
+            if i != rowsA[end] || i == rowsA[halfheight]; println(io); end
+            if i == rowsA[halfheight]
+                print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+                print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, Lalign, sep, vmod, 1, true)
+                print(io, ddots)
+                print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, Ralign, sep, vmod, r, false)
+                print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp * '\n')
+            end
+        end
+    end
+    if isempty(rowsA)
+        print(io, pre)
+        print(io, vdots)
+        length(colsA) > 1 && print(io, "    ", ddots)
+        print(io, post)
+    end
+end

From 514a43357cacda68197dfdce582e1a79e6e2ce2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Mon, 15 Dec 2025 15:02:32 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 06/12] =?UTF-8?q?bi-=E2=88=9E=20banded=20matrices?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 Project.toml      |  2 +-
 src/biinfrange.jl | 70 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--
 2 files changed, 69 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Project.toml b/Project.toml
index 79dc748..3c1423b 100644
--- a/Project.toml
+++ b/Project.toml
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ InfiniteArraysStatisticsExt = "Statistics"
 [compat]
 Aqua = "0.8"
 ArrayLayouts = "1.8"
-BandedMatrices = "1.7.6"
+BandedMatrices = "1.11"
 Base64 = "1"
 BlockArrays = "1.0"
 BlockBandedMatrices = "0.13"
diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index 8647741..86d65ed 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = conver
 
 
 
-function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, rowsA::BiInfUnitRange, colsA)
+function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, ::BiInfUnitRange, colsA)
     hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
     ncols, idxlast = length(colsA), last(colsA)
     if !(get(io, :limit, false)::Bool)
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, po
     postsp = ""
     @assert textwidth(hdots) == textwidth(ddots)
     sepsize = length(sep)::Int
-    m, n = length(rowsA), length(colsA)
+    n = length(colsA)
     # To figure out alignments, only need to look at as many rows as could
     # fit down screen. If screen has at least as many rows as A, look at A.
     # If not, then we only need to look at the first and last chunks of A,
@@ -100,3 +100,69 @@ function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, po
         print(io, post)
     end
 end
+
+
+
+function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, ::BiInfUnitRange, ::BiInfUnitRange)
+    hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
+    if !(get(io, :limit, false)::Bool)
+        screenheight = screenwidth = typemax(Int)
+    else
+        sz = displaysize(io)::Tuple{Int,Int}
+        screenheight, screenwidth = sz[1] - 4, sz[2]
+    end
+    screenwidth -= length(pre)::Int + length(post)::Int
+    presp = repeat(" ", length(pre)::Int)  # indent each row to match pre string
+    postsp = ""
+    @assert textwidth(hdots) == textwidth(ddots)
+    sepsize = length(sep)::Int
+
+    # To figure out alignments, only need to look at as many rows as could
+    # fit down screen. If screen has at least as many rows as A, look at A.
+    # If not, then we only need to look at the first and last chunks of A,
+    # each half a screen height in size.
+    quarterheight = div(screenheight,4)
+    halfheight = 2quarterheight+1
+    rowsA = -quarterheight:quarterheight
+    # Similarly for columns, only necessary to get alignments for as many
+    # columns as could conceivably fit across the screen
+
+    halfmaxpossiblecols = div(screenwidth, 4*(1+sepsize))
+    maxpossiblecols = 2halfmaxpossiblecols + 1
+    colsA = -halfmaxpossiblecols:halfmaxpossiblecols
+
+    A = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, screenwidth, screenwidth, sepsize, ℵ₀)
+    c = div(screenwidth-length(hdots)::Int+1,2)+1
+    Ralign = reverse(alignment(io, X, rowsA, reverse(colsA), c, c, sepsize, ℵ₀))
+    c = screenwidth - sum(map(sum,Ralign)) - (length(Ralign)-1)*sepsize - length(hdots)::Int
+    Lalign = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, c, c, sepsize, ℵ₀)
+    r = 1 # where to put dots on right half
+    
+    for i in rowsA
+        if i == rowsA[1]
+            print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+            print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, Lalign, sep, vmod, 1, true)
+            print(io, ddots)
+            print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp * '\n')
+        end
+
+        print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+        print_matrix_row(io, X,Lalign,i,colsA,sep,ℵ₀)
+        print(io, (i - first(rowsA)) % hmod == 0 ? hdots : repeat(" ", length(hdots)::Int))
+        # print_matrix_row(io, X,Ralign,i,colsA,sep,ℵ₀)
+        print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp)
+        if i != rowsA[end] || i == rowsA[halfheight]; println(io); end
+        if i == rowsA[halfheight]
+            print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+            print_matrix_vdots(io, vdots, Lalign, sep, vmod, 1, true)
+            print(io, ddots)
+            print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp * '\n')
+        end
+    end
+    if isempty(rowsA)
+        print(io, pre)
+        print(io, vdots)
+        length(colsA) > 1 && print(io, "    ", ddots)
+        print(io, post)
+    end
+end

From 5e129bae046678f18e6a17658844b58d7ef5defc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 14:55:08 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 07/12] add print test

---
 test/runtests.jl        | 4 ++--
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 3 ++-
 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/test/runtests.jl b/test/runtests.jl
index 268a28a..145c026 100644
--- a/test/runtests.jl
+++ b/test/runtests.jl
@@ -1300,8 +1300,8 @@ end
     @test !checkbounds(Bool, r, Fill(true, 1))
 end
 
-include("test_biinfrange.jl")
 include("test_infconv.jl")
 include("test_infblock.jl")
 include("test_infbanded.jl")
-include("test_infblockbanded.jl")
\ No newline at end of file
+include("test_infblockbanded.jl")
+include("test_biinfrange.jl")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index c8b7ded..bfed651 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-using InfiniteArrays, Base64, Test
+using InfiniteArrays, BandedMatrices, Base64, Test
 using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
 
 @testset "-∞:∞" begin
@@ -6,4 +6,5 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
     @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
     @test exp.(r)[-3] == exp(-3)
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r.^2; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .^ 2 with indices BiInfUnitRange():\n ⋮\n 25\n 16\n  9\n  4\n  1\n \e[1m 0\e[0m\n  1\n  4\n  9\n 16\n 25\n  ⋮"
 end
\ No newline at end of file

From 4558fcb60dc354f80f52a1b66127d10c11fee8e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 18:35:40 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 08/12] =?UTF-8?q?=E2=88=9E=20columns=20finite=20rows?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 src/InfiniteArrays.jl   |  4 +--
 src/biinfrange.jl       | 57 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 test/test_biinfrange.jl |  5 ++++
 3 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
index 11bcb60..c49b72b 100644
--- a/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
+++ b/src/InfiniteArrays.jl
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import Base: *, +, -, /, <, ==, >, \, ≤, ≥, (:), @propagate_inbounds,
              searchsortedfirst, searchsortedlast, setindex!, show, show_circular, show_delim_array, sign,
              signbit, similar, size, sort, sort!, step, sum, tail,
              to_shape, transpose, unaliascopy, union, unitrange_last, unsafe_convert, unsafe_indices, unsafe_length,
-             vcat, zeros, copyto!, range_start_step_length, undef_ref_str, alignment
+             vcat, zeros, copyto!, range_start_step_length, undef_ref_str, alignment, IndexStyle, IndexCartesian
 
 if VERSION ≥ v"1.11.0-DEV.21"
    using LinearAlgebra: UpperOrLowerTriangular
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ import LazyArrays: AbstractLazyLayout, AbstractCachedVector, ApplyLayout, Cached
                    LazyArrayStyle, LazyLayout, LazyMatrix, PaddedColumns, _padded_sub_materialize, sub_paddeddata,
                    ApplyBandedLayout, BroadcastBandedLayout, islazy_layout
 
-import LinearAlgebra: AdjOrTrans, HermOrSym, diag, norm, norm1, norm2, normp
+import LinearAlgebra: AdjOrTrans, HermOrSym, diag, norm, norm1, norm2, normp, AdjOrTransAbsVec
 
 import LazyArrays: AbstractPaddedLayout
 
diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index 86d65ed..337c973 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@ unitrange(a::BiInfUnitRange) = a
 Base.has_offset_axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = true
 
 getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::Integer) where T = convert(T, i)
+function getindex(x::BiInfUnitRange, i::PosInfinity)
+    isinf(length(x)) || throw(BoundsError(x,y))
+    ℵ₀
+end
 getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::RealInfinity) where T = i
 axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = (BiInfUnitRange(),)
 first(::BiInfUnitRange) = -∞
@@ -21,7 +25,7 @@ show(io::IO, ::BiInfUnitRange{Int}) = print(io, "BiInfUnitRange()")
 
 getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = convert(AbstractVector{T}, s)
 
-
+IndexStyle(::Type{<:AdjOrTransAbsVec{<:Any,<:BiInfUnitRange}}) = IndexCartesian()
 
 function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, ::BiInfUnitRange, colsA)
     hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
@@ -102,6 +106,57 @@ function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, po
 end
 
 
+function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, rowsA, ::BiInfUnitRange)
+    hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
+    if !(get(io, :limit, false)::Bool)
+        screenheight = screenwidth = typemax(Int)
+    else
+        sz = displaysize(io)::Tuple{Int,Int}
+        screenheight, screenwidth = sz[1] - 4, sz[2]
+    end
+    screenwidth -= length(pre)::Int + length(post)::Int
+    presp = repeat(" ", length(pre)::Int)  # indent each row to match pre string
+    postsp = ""
+    @assert textwidth(hdots) == textwidth(ddots)
+    sepsize = length(sep)::Int
+    m = length(rowsA)
+
+    # To figure out alignments, only need to look at as many rows as could
+    # fit down screen. If screen has at least as many rows as A, look at A.
+    # If not, then we only need to look at the first and last chunks of A,
+    # each half a screen height in size.
+    halfheight = div(screenheight,2)
+    if m > screenheight
+        rowsA = [rowsA[(0:halfheight-1) .+ firstindex(rowsA)]; rowsA[(end-div(screenheight-1,2)+1):end]]
+    else
+        rowsA = [rowsA;]
+    end
+
+    # Similarly for columns, only necessary to get alignments for as many
+    # columns as could conceivably fit across the screen
+
+    halfmaxpossiblecols = div(screenwidth, 4*(1+sepsize))
+    maxpossiblecols = 2halfmaxpossiblecols + 1
+    colsA = -halfmaxpossiblecols:halfmaxpossiblecols
+
+    A = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, screenwidth, screenwidth, sepsize, ℵ₀)
+    c = div(screenwidth-length(hdots)::Int+1,2)+1  # what goes to right of ellipsis
+    Ralign = reverse(alignment(io, X, rowsA, reverse(colsA), c, c, sepsize, ℵ₀)) # alignments for right
+    c = screenwidth - sum(map(sum,Ralign)) - (length(Ralign)-1)*sepsize - length(hdots)::Int
+    Lalign = alignment(io, X, rowsA, colsA, c, c, sepsize, ℵ₀) # alignments for left of ellipsis
+
+    print(io, hdots)
+    for i in rowsA
+        print(io, i == first(rowsA) ? pre : presp)
+        print_matrix_row(io, X,Lalign,i,colsA[1:length(Lalign)],sep,ℵ₀)
+        print(io, (i - first(rowsA)) % hmod == 0 ? hdots : repeat(" ", length(hdots)::Int))
+        print_matrix_row(io, X, Ralign, i, ℵ₀ .+ colsA, sep, ℵ₀)
+        print(io, i == last(rowsA) ? post : postsp)
+        if i != last(rowsA); println(io); end
+    end
+end
+
+
 
 function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, ::BiInfUnitRange, ::BiInfUnitRange)
     hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index bfed651..8f20bc1 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -7,4 +7,9 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
     @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
     @test exp.(r)[-3] == exp(-3)
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r.^2; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .^ 2 with indices BiInfUnitRange():\n ⋮\n 25\n 16\n  9\n  4\n  1\n \e[1m 0\e[0m\n  1\n  4\n  9\n 16\n 25\n  ⋮"
+
+    @test isassigned(r', 1,-12)
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype Int64 with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange():\n  …   -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1  0  1  2  3  …  "
+
+    # _BandedMatrix(
 end
\ No newline at end of file

From bc6dd60c4780c5ffb4cdc3467541d60041f20814 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 18:39:19 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 09/12] Update biinfrange.jl

---
 src/biinfrange.jl | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index 337c973..182bbb3 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -27,6 +27,8 @@ getindex(r::BiInfUnitRange{T}, s::AbstractUnitRange{<:Integer}) where T = conver
 
 IndexStyle(::Type{<:AdjOrTransAbsVec{<:Any,<:BiInfUnitRange}}) = IndexCartesian()
 
+Base.Broadcast.axistype(a::BiInfUnitRange, ::OneTo) = a
+
 function Base._print_matrix(io, @nospecialize(X::AbstractVecOrMat), pre, sep, post, hdots, vdots, ddots, hmod, vmod, ::BiInfUnitRange, colsA)
     hmod, vmod = Int(hmod)::Int, Int(vmod)::Int
     ncols, idxlast = length(colsA), last(colsA)

From 7e075d675028468d470c77801758203d139c6b15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 18:54:59 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 10/12] =?UTF-8?q?bi-=E2=88=9E=20matrix=20printing?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

---
 src/infrange.jl         | 1 +
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/infrange.jl b/src/infrange.jl
index 61ea4c1..ea6f426 100644
--- a/src/infrange.jl
+++ b/src/infrange.jl
@@ -443,6 +443,7 @@ sum(r::InfRanges{<:Real}) = last(r)
 in(x::Union{Infinity,RealInfinity}, r::InfRanges) = false # never reach it...
 in(x::Infinity, r::InfRanges{<:Integer}) = false # never reach it...
 in(x::Real, r::InfRanges{<:Real}) = _in_range(x, r)
+in(x::Integer, r::InfUnitRange) = x ≥ first(r)
 # This method needs to be defined separately since -(::T, ::T) can be implemented
 # even if -(::T, ::Real) is not
 in(x::T, r::InfRanges{T}) where {T} = _in_range(x, r)
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index 8f20bc1..5c077c5 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r.^2; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .^ 2 with indices BiInfUnitRange():\n ⋮\n 25\n 16\n  9\n  4\n  1\n \e[1m 0\e[0m\n  1\n  4\n  9\n 16\n 25\n  ⋮"
 
     @test isassigned(r', 1,-12)
-    @test stringmime("text/plain", r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype Int64 with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange():\n  …   -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1  0  1  2  3  …  "
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange():\n  …   -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1  0  1  2  3  …  "
 
-    # _BandedMatrix(
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r * r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange()) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×BiInfUnitRange():\n   ⋮                       ⋮         ⋱  \n  30   25   20   15   10   5  0  -5  …  \n  24   20   16   12    8   4  0  -4     \n  18   15   12    9    6   3  0  -3     \n  12   10    8    6    4   2  0  -2     \n   6    5    4    3    2   1  0  -1     \n   0    0    0    0    0   0  0   0  …  \n  -6   -5   -4   -3   -2  -1  0   1     \n -12  -10   -8   -6   -4  -2  0   2     \n -18  -15  -12   -9   -6  -3  0   3     \n -24  -20  -16  -12   -8  -4  0   4     \n -30  -25  -20  -15  -10  -5  0   5  …  \n   ⋮                       ⋮         ⋱  " 
 end
\ No newline at end of file

From fd8ce619c52d1f71379a1e28a3497f0488c696dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 20:46:14 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 11/12] increase cov

---
 src/biinfrange.jl       |  9 +++++++--
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/biinfrange.jl b/src/biinfrange.jl
index 182bbb3..2364e33 100644
--- a/src/biinfrange.jl
+++ b/src/biinfrange.jl
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@ struct BiInfUnitRange{T<:Real} <: AbstractInfUnitRange{T} end
 
 BiInfUnitRange() = BiInfUnitRange{Int}()
 
-AbstractArray{T}(a::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}(a)
-AbstractVector{T}(a::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}(a)
+AbstractArray{T}(::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}()
+AbstractVector{T}(::BiInfUnitRange) where T<:Real = BiInfUnitRange{T}()
 
 unitrange(a::BiInfUnitRange) = a
 Base.has_offset_axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = true
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ function getindex(x::BiInfUnitRange, i::PosInfinity)
     isinf(length(x)) || throw(BoundsError(x,y))
     ℵ₀
 end
+function getindex(x::BiInfUnitRange, i::Infinity)
+    isinf(length(x)) || throw(BoundsError(x,y))
+    ℵ₀
+end
+
 getindex(v::BiInfUnitRange{T}, i::RealInfinity) where T = i
 axes(::BiInfUnitRange) = (BiInfUnitRange(),)
 first(::BiInfUnitRange) = -∞
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index 5c077c5..5f0fcdb 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -1,11 +1,36 @@
-using InfiniteArrays, BandedMatrices, Base64, Test
+using InfiniteArrays, Base64, Test
 using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
 
 @testset "-∞:∞" begin
     r = BiInfUnitRange()
+
+    @test AbstractArray{Int}(r) ≡ AbstractVector{Int}(r) ≡ r
+    @test r[-∞] ≡ -∞
+    @test r[∞] ≡ r[ℵ₀] ≡ ℵ₀
+
+    @test r[-3:3] ≡ -3:3
+        
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
+
     @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
     @test exp.(r)[-3] == exp(-3)
+
+
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r * (1:10)'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×10 adjoint(::UnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×Base.OneTo(10):\n ⋮                        ⋮                 \n -5  -10  -15  -20  -25  -30  -35  -40  -45  -50\n -4   -8  -12  -16  -20  -24  -28  -32  -36  -40\n -3   -6   -9  -12  -15  -18  -21  -24  -27  -30\n -2   -4   -6   -8  -10  -12  -14  -16  -18  -20\n -1   -2   -3   -4   -5   -6   -7   -8   -9  -10\n \e[1m 0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0\e[0m\n  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10\n  2    4    6    8   10   12   14   16   18   20\n  3    6    9   12   15   18   21   24   27   30\n  4    8   12   16   20   24   28   32   36   40\n  5   10   15   20   25   30   35   40   45   50\n  ⋮                        ⋮                 "
+    @test stringmime("text/plain", r * (1:1000)'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×1000 adjoint(::UnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×Base.OneTo(1000):
+ -5  -10  -15  -20  -25  -30  -35  -40  …  -4980  -4985  -4990  -4995  -5000
+ -4   -8  -12  -16  -20  -24  -28  -32     -3984  -3988  -3992  -3996  -4000
+ -3   -6   -9  -12  -15  -18  -21  -24     -2988  -2991  -2994  -2997  -3000
+ -2   -4   -6   -8  -10  -12  -14  -16     -1992  -1994  -1996  -1998  -2000
+ -1   -2   -3   -4   -5   -6   -7   -8      -996   -997   -998   -999  -1000
+  0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0  …      0      0      0      0      0
+  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8       996    997    998    999   1000
+  2    4    6    8   10   12   14   16      1992   1994   1996   1998   2000
+  3    6    9   12   15   18   21   24      2988   2991   2994   2997   3000
+  4    8   12   16   20   24   28   32      3984   3988   3992   3996   4000
+  5   10   15   20   25   30   35   40  …   4980   4985   4990   4995   5000
+  ⋮                        ⋮            ⋱      ⋮                       "
+
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r.^2; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .^ 2 with indices BiInfUnitRange():\n ⋮\n 25\n 16\n  9\n  4\n  1\n \e[1m 0\e[0m\n  1\n  4\n  9\n 16\n 25\n  ⋮"
 
     @test isassigned(r', 1,-12)

From 40042eef88a4b42384cf0d62fed61ceb79dea972 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Sheehan Olver <solver@mac.com>
Date: Sun, 21 Dec 2025 21:30:51 +0000
Subject: [PATCH 12/12] v0.15.11

---
 Project.toml            |  2 +-
 test/test_biinfrange.jl | 21 ++++++++++++---------
 2 files changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Project.toml b/Project.toml
index 3c1423b..adb199d 100644
--- a/Project.toml
+++ b/Project.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 name = "InfiniteArrays"
 uuid = "4858937d-0d70-526a-a4dd-2d5cb5dd786c"
-version = "0.15.10"
+version = "0.15.11"
 
 [deps]
 ArrayLayouts = "4c555306-a7a7-4459-81d9-ec55ddd5c99a"
diff --git a/test/test_biinfrange.jl b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
index 5f0fcdb..67b094a 100644
--- a/test/test_biinfrange.jl
+++ b/test/test_biinfrange.jl
@@ -3,19 +3,22 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
 
 @testset "-∞:∞" begin
     r = BiInfUnitRange()
-
+    
     @test AbstractArray{Int}(r) ≡ AbstractVector{Int}(r) ≡ r
+    @test Base.has_offset_axes(r)
+
     @test r[-∞] ≡ -∞
     @test r[∞] ≡ r[ℵ₀] ≡ ℵ₀
-
     @test r[-3:3] ≡ -3:3
-        
+    
+    
+    
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r) == "BiInfUnitRange()"
-
+    
     @test Fill(1, (r,))[-5] == 1
     @test exp.(r)[-3] == exp(-3)
-
-
+    
+    
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r * (1:10)'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×10 adjoint(::UnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×Base.OneTo(10):\n ⋮                        ⋮                 \n -5  -10  -15  -20  -25  -30  -35  -40  -45  -50\n -4   -8  -12  -16  -20  -24  -28  -32  -36  -40\n -3   -6   -9  -12  -15  -18  -21  -24  -27  -30\n -2   -4   -6   -8  -10  -12  -14  -16  -18  -20\n -1   -2   -3   -4   -5   -6   -7   -8   -9  -10\n \e[1m 0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0    0\e[0m\n  1    2    3    4    5    6    7    8    9   10\n  2    4    6    8   10   12   14   16   18   20\n  3    6    9   12   15   18   21   24   27   30\n  4    8   12   16   20   24   28   32   36   40\n  5   10   15   20   25   30   35   40   45   50\n  ⋮                        ⋮                 "
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r * (1:1000)'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×1000 adjoint(::UnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×Base.OneTo(1000):
  -5  -10  -15  -20  -25  -30  -35  -40  …  -4980  -4985  -4990  -4995  -5000
@@ -30,11 +33,11 @@ using InfiniteArrays: BiInfUnitRange
   4    8   12   16   20   24   28   32      3984   3988   3992   3996   4000
   5   10   15   20   25   30   35   40  …   4980   4985   4990   4995   5000
   ⋮                        ⋮            ⋱      ⋮                       "
-
+    
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r.^2; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .^ 2 with indices BiInfUnitRange():\n ⋮\n 25\n 16\n  9\n  4\n  1\n \e[1m 0\e[0m\n  1\n  4\n  9\n 16\n 25\n  ⋮"
-
+    
     @test isassigned(r', 1,-12)
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange():\n  …   -6  -5  -4  -3  -2  -1  0  1  2  3  …  "
-
+    
     @test stringmime("text/plain", r * r'; context= IOContext(IOBuffer(), :limit=>true)) == "(ℵ₀-element BiInfUnitRange{$Int} with indices BiInfUnitRange()) .* (1×ℵ₀ adjoint(::BiInfUnitRange{$Int}) with eltype $Int with indices Base.OneTo(1)×BiInfUnitRange()) with indices BiInfUnitRange()×BiInfUnitRange():\n   ⋮                       ⋮         ⋱  \n  30   25   20   15   10   5  0  -5  …  \n  24   20   16   12    8   4  0  -4     \n  18   15   12    9    6   3  0  -3     \n  12   10    8    6    4   2  0  -2     \n   6    5    4    3    2   1  0  -1     \n   0    0    0    0    0   0  0   0  …  \n  -6   -5   -4   -3   -2  -1  0   1     \n -12  -10   -8   -6   -4  -2  0   2     \n -18  -15  -12   -9   -6  -3  0   3     \n -24  -20  -16  -12   -8  -4  0   4     \n -30  -25  -20  -15  -10  -5  0   5  …  \n   ⋮                       ⋮         ⋱  " 
 end
\ No newline at end of file