[C++][FlightSQL][ODBC][CI] Run ODBC test executables in CI without `cpp_test.sh`

[alinaliBQ]

Describe the enhancement requested

Due to blockers at #48019 (comment), running ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh in MSVC for ODBC is blocked.

As a workaround, run ODBC test executables in CI without ci/scripts/cpp_test.sh to validate ODBC behavior in workflow.
Caveat: segfault at end of arrow-flight-sql-odbc-test.exe is not caught in this approach.
If running tests in CI without the cpp_test.sh script is a no-go, I’m happy to close the issue. 🙂

Parent Issue:
#30622

Component(s)

FlightRPC, C++