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Introduction

Linux started around 1991 by Linus Torlvads. Linux is an multi-user, multitasking Operating System. Linux is Open Source not like AIX , Sun Solaris, HP-UX... Linux is “case-sensitive” ls is different of LS.

Linux Distributions

  1. Redhat
  2. CentOS
  3. Ubuntu.
  4. SuSe Linux
  5. Fedora
  6. Gentoo
  7. Mandriva.
  8. Debian.
  9. Slackware

Windows Pre-packed OS VS Linux Pre-packed OS

  • Windows usually is shipped on 1 CD which seems very convenient but this one CD contains only the windows operating system
  • Linux operating system can be installed from a floppy disk.
  • The amount of CD’s that come with most distributions only reflect the amount of packages that come pre-packed with the distribution

Linux Programs VS Windows Programs

  • Office
    • Windows : Microsoft Office
    • Linux : Open Office / KOffice
    • Microsoft Office : Outlook Linux : Kontac
    • Linux: Kontact
  • Graphics
    • Windows : Adobe Photoshop
    • Linux: GIMP
    • Windows: Microsoft Visio
    • Linux: DIA Adobe Acrobat available under Win/Linux

Linux for Developers

  • Windows
    • Comes practically with no IDE, compilers or what so ever
  • Linux
    • Comes pre-packed with the following
    • GCC ( C++ compiler for linux )
    • Perl ( Available under Win/Linux)
    • Python ( Available under Win/Linux)
    • Java ( GNU Java & Comes with Eclipse )
    • PHP ( Comes pre-packed with Apache )
    • wxWindows/QT ( Toolkit for cross platform development)

Linux Web Server (Apache)

  • The goal of this project is to provide a secure, efficient and extensible server that provides HTTP services in sync with the current HTTP standards
  • Apache has been the most popular web server on the Internet since April 1996
  • The November 2005 Netcraft Web Server Survey found that more than 70% of the web sites on the Internet are using Apache, thus making it more widely used than all other web servers combined.

Samba

  • Samba is software that can be run on a platform other than Microsoft Windows, for example, UNIX, Linux, IBM System 390, OpenVMS, and other operating systems.
  • Samba uses the TCP/IP protocol that is installed on the host server
  • When correctly configured, it allows that host to interact with a Microsoft Windows client or server as if it is a Windows file and print server.

Software Update Tools

  • APT
    • Is a package management system used by Debian and its derivatives but it has since been modified to work with RPMpackages via apt-rpm
  • YUM
    • The Yellow Dog Updater, Modified (yum for short) acts as a package manager for RPM-compatible Linux computer systems. Its principal advantages over the RPM version of apt are its smaller codebase and better dependency handling.

What are the package types ?

  • RPM —RPMPackage Manager, but originally Red Hat Package Manager, originally from Red Hat but now used by many other distributors as well
  • deb —Debian package, originally from Debian but also used by others
  • tgz or tar.gz — standard tar + gzip control files — used by Slackware , possibly with some extra and others, or sometimes when distributing very simple handmade packages
  • ebuild —the file containing information on how to retrieve, compile, and install a package in Gentoo 's Portage the command emerge .
  • src — building the packages from source (often binary packages are provided in parallel on many systems).

Linux from a shell point of view

What is a shell ?

  • command line interpreter
  • End point to connect ( Remote Host Name or IP address )
  • Authorization/ Account ( i.e User Name and Password )

Obtaining an Account

  • If you are a professional , it’s likely that your company already has some UNIX facilities. To access those facilities you will be given a username and password to access that system via a shell account
  • The good thing about having your own version of Linux which in our case is to be a super user on your own machine.
  • By default the super user “referred to as root” is the only person on the system that has higher privileges than normal users were he is allowed to run services , add/remove users and so forth

Logging In

  • Logging In
  • The username and system password are assigned to you by the system administrator
  • The username and password are case sensitive
    • Host name : remote host/ Ip address
    • Port : Communication Port
    • Login : user name
    • Password : Secret

Shell

  • The $ or % prompt you see when you first log in is displayed by a special kind of a program called a shell.
  • A shell is a program that acts as a middleman between you and the raw UNIX/LINUX machine
  • Three most popular shells are
    • Bourne Shell
    • Korn Shell
    • C Shel