security(mcp): prevent server requests from matching client pending responses - #942
security(mcp): prevent server requests from matching client pending responses#942hazyhaar wants to merge 11 commits into
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Included review availability: Your plan provides up to 4 included reviews per hour; 3 remain after this review. WalkthroughThe MCP client now uses a bounded asynchronous writer with cancellation and explicit shutdown. It tracks JSON-RPC method presence, separates server requests from responses, validates numeric IDs, preserves courtesy replies, and adds routing and lifecycle regression tests. ChangesMCP client correctness
Estimated code review effort: 4 (Complex) | ~45 minutes Merge Risk: ⚪ Minimal · up to This change prevents server-initiated requests from being mistaken for client responses and returns the standard unsupported-method error when needed. No actionable merge-blocking risk remains beyond normal checks and review. Sequence Diagram(s)sequenceDiagram
participant Server
participant rpcMessage
participant readLoop
participant pendingResponses
participant writerLoop
participant transport
Server->>rpcMessage: send JSON-RPC message
rpcMessage-->>readLoop: expose method presence and ID
readLoop->>pendingResponses: deliver methodless response
readLoop->>writerLoop: enqueue courtesy error for server request
writerLoop->>transport: write JSON-RPC reply
transport-->>Server: return reply
Suggested reviewers: 🚥 Pre-merge checks | ✅ 4 | ❌ 1❌ Failed checks (1 warning)
✅ Passed checks (4 passed)
Full details: Linked Issues checkExplanation The changes satisfy issue Full details: Out of Scope Changes checkExplanation The writer lifecycle, numeric ID handling, SSE filtering, protocol presence tracking, and regression tests directly support the linked security, dispatch, response-validation, and cancellation objectives. No unrelated code changes are evident.
✨ Finishing Touches🧪 Generate unit tests (beta)
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/client_test.go`:
- Around line 860-868: Replace the output-draining goroutine in the test with
logic that reads one framed rpcMessage from outReader and asserts it has ID 1
and error code -32601 before sending the valid response. Ensure the test fails
when unsupported-method handling emits no error.
In `@internal/mcp/client.go`:
- Around line 390-402: Validate message.ID in the unsupported-method branch
before writing the rpcError response: only string or numeric JSON-RPC IDs may be
echoed, while boolean, object, and other invalid values must not produce a
response. Update the logic around rpcMessage.ID and client.writer.write,
preserving the existing error response for valid IDs.
- Around line 392-400: The unsupported-method response path in readLoop must not
hold client.mu while rpcMessage is written, because request can block on
messageWriter.write and prevent the response from being dispatched. Refactor
outbound scheduling so readLoop can queue or dispatch the -32601 response
independently while preserving serialized writes, and add an io.Pipe regression
test covering a blocked client write followed by the peer waiting for this
response.
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lgtm
Le dim. 23 août 2026 à 10:08, coderabbitai[bot] ***@***.***>
a écrit :
… ***@***.***[bot]* commented on this pull request.
------------------------------
In internal/mcp/client.go
<#942 (comment)>:
> + client.mu.Lock()
+ _ = client.writer.write(rpcMessage{
+ ID: message.ID,
+ Error: &rpcError{
+ Code: -32601,
+ Message: fmt.Sprintf("Method %q not supported", message.Method),
+ },
+ })
+ client.mu.Unlock()
@hazyhaar, understood. The outbound-write deadlock remains a valid
follow-up concern, but it is outside the scope of Z-052 / #924.
The planned -32601 assertion and string-or-number ID restriction are
appropriate in-scope changes.
I will keep the SSE mirror, diagnostics, malformed-frame handling, and
outbound write scheduling separate from this PR. Would you like me to open
a GitHub follow-up issue for the deferred writer-scheduling work?
🐇
------------------------------
✏️ Learnings added
Learnt from: hazyhaar
Repo: Gitlawb/zero PR: 942
File: internal/mcp/client.go:392-400
Timestamp: 2026-08-23T08:08:20.275Z
Learning: For `internal/mcp/client.go`, the Z-052 / `#924` change is limited to preventing server-initiated stdio frames from resolving pending client responses. A queued outbound writer refactor changes the client concurrency contract and is out of scope for that work. The in-scope test should assert the `-32601` response, and server request IDs should be echoed only when they are JSON-RPC string or number IDs. SSE method filtering, diagnostics, and malformed-frame handling remain follow-up work under `#935`.
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The bug is real and the fix is the right shape. Worth saying explicitly for anyone reading later: the client sends "capabilities": {} in initialize, so it advertises nothing a server could legitimately call back into. Answering -32601 is the correct thing to do rather than staying silent.
One blocker, and it is introduced by this change rather than pre-existing.
A server that stops reading its stdin now stalls the whole client. The reply is written from inside readLoop while holding client.mu, and messageWriter.write flushes on every message, so a full pipe blocks the read loop with the lock held. The comment on client.mu in Call is explicit that the lock is released before any unbounded wait precisely so "a hung server never holds the lock and blocks other callers/Close". This puts an unbounded wait back under it, from the other direction.
I ran it on both heads. Same probe, same fixture: register a pending response for id 1, have the server send a request with id 2 and then never drain the reply, then send the real response for id 1.
On this branch:
PROBE >>> STALLED: the response for pending id 1 never arrived in 2s
PROBE >>> a new caller cannot acquire client.mu; every further request blocks
On main the same probe dispatches the response immediately, because the old code just skipped the frame and never wrote anything.
To be fair about the blast radius: this is a stall, not a deadlock. Close uses closeMu, and closing stdin makes the blocked write fail, so the loop unwinds. Callers with a context deadline also time out normally. But for the duration, no response reaches any caller and every new request blocks on the mutex, and it takes one frame from a server to trigger. For a change whose whole subject is a server behaving badly, that is the wrong trade.
The shape that fixes it is an outbound send that cannot block the reader: a writer goroutine fed by a buffered channel, dropping the reply if the queue is full. A courtesy -32601 is not worth blocking on.
Two smaller things, neither blocking.
jsonRPCIDEchoable lists int, the sized ints, the uints and json.RawMessage, but read uses a plain json.Unmarshal into any with no UseNumber, so an id can only ever arrive as float64, string, bool, nil, a map or a slice. The integer and RawMessage arms are unreachable. Not harmful, just more surface than the input can produce. The flip side is that float64 is the only numeric arm that matters, so an id past 2^53 comes back to the server with different digits than it sent.
TestStdioClientDropsInvalidServerRequestIDs proves its point by waiting 150ms for nothing to happen. That is sound today (removing the jsonRPCIDEchoable guard does make it fail, I checked) but it is a timing assertion, and the failure mode of a slow runner is a false pass. Writing a valid-id frame last and asserting the first reply that arrives carries that id would pin the same behaviour without the clock.
Once the reply is off the read path I am happy to approve.
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/client.go`:
- Around line 392-393: Update the comment near the asynchronous -32601 reply to
state only that the write is performed off the read loop and cannot stall
readLoop; remove the claim that it avoids holding client.mu, since the goroutine
locks that mutex until client.writer.write returns.
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Half of it is fixed, and the half that is left moved rather than went away. Same fixture as last time, on this head:
response for pending id 1 dispatched: result={"tools":[]}
>>> a new caller cannot acquire client.mu
The read loop no longer stalls, so responses reach their callers. Good. But the goroutine takes client.mu and then blocks on the write while holding it, so the block moved from dispatch to every outbound request. The comment says the reply "never stalls readLoop or holds client.mu"; the first half is now true and the second is not.
That matters more than it sounds, because client.mu.Lock() in request is not context-aware, so a caller cannot give up:
request did NOT honour its 300ms deadline after 3s
Before this commit an undrained peer stalled dispatch and a caller with a deadline still timed out. Now the caller blocks on the mutex with no way out. For the code path this PR is hardening, that is a worse failure than the one it replaced.
The reply does not need the write mutex held across a blocking write at all. Either give the writer its own goroutine fed by a buffered channel and drop the reply when the queue is full, or bound the reply write with a timeout so a courtesy -32601 can never outlive its usefulness. A courtesy reply is not worth blocking the client on.
There is also an unbounded go func() per server-initiated request, so a peer that sends many gets one blocked goroutine each, all contending for the same mutex.
Separately, a regression in this push that I do not think was deliberate. jsonRPCIDEchoable is gone and so is TestStdioClientDropsInvalidServerRequestIDs; the guard is now just message.ID != nil. So an id of true or {"x":1} is echoed back, which JSON-RPC does not allow and which the earlier revision specifically prevented. I raised the helper as having unreachable arms, not as something to delete along with its test. If dropping it was intended, the test going with it should be called out rather than silent.
The capabilities reasoning still holds and I am happy with the rest of the change.
|
Re-checked on
The mutex problem is unchanged. The reply goroutine still does: go func() {
client.mu.Lock()
defer client.mu.Unlock()
_ = client.writer.write(...)
}()so the write still happens with The comment above the goroutine still says the reply "never stalls readLoop or holds client.mu". The first half is true now. The second half is the thing that is not. What convinced me this is worth holding for rather than waving through: the invariant is already written down in this file, twelve lines above the lock in question. // ... The mutex serializes writes and id allocation but is
// released before the (potentially unbounded) wait for the response, so a
// hung server never holds the lock and blocks other callers/Close.That is exactly the property the reply goroutine breaks, from the other direction. The request path was careful not to hold Either shape I suggested last time still works: a writer goroutine fed by a buffered channel that drops the reply when the queue is full, or a bounded write for the reply so a courtesy Worth knowing separately: your CI had never actually run. Every one of your PRs was parked at Your #944 landed the equivalent fix well, incidentally, and I approved it. The non-blocking acquire with a busy reply is the same idea as the buffered-writer option here. |
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/client_test.go`:
- Around line 969-988: The invalid-ID test must ensure the request is delivered
before checking for no response. In the test around ensureReader, write
serverReq synchronously after client.ensureReader(), or wait for an explicit
write-completion signal, then perform the existing no-output assertion so
invalid-ID handling is actually exercised.
In `@internal/mcp/client.go`:
- Around line 320-323: Update the comment near writeMessage to remove the claim
that message transmission never blocks callers or that it prevents deadline-less
callers from being blocked; state instead that callers with a canceled context
can stop waiting, while preserving the descriptions of fast ID allocation and
response-channel registration.
- Around line 394-405: Update writeOp and the writeLoop handling to retain each
operation’s context and skip queued writes whose context is canceled before
transmission. Preserve existing completion signaling so callers do not block,
and add a pipe regression test covering cancellation after enqueue that drains
the output and verifies no request frame is sent.
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Maintainer follow-up pushed at All three current review findings are addressed:
I also strengthened the original dispatcher regression: it now asserts the separate server-request path returns ID Regression proof: before the production change, Current-head verification:
Repository-wide Requesting fresh review on |
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/client.go`:
- Around line 556-571: Update jsonRPCIDEchoable to accept finite fractional
float64 and exponent-form json.Number IDs, while continuing to reject non-finite
numeric values and unsupported types. Add regression coverage for both a
fractional ID and an exponent-form numeric ID, including the resulting -32601
failure-path response.
In `@internal/mcp/hang_test.go`:
- Line 85: Update the second-call setup in the hang test so it uses a live
context rather than an already-canceled one, then synchronize on a signal from
request or its dispatch/write-scheduling path proving it reached shared client
state before canceling and asserting it is unblocked. Preserve the test’s
existing hang scenario and add coverage for the failure path as needed.
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Addressed the current-head review findings in 6bc1a45:
Red-before-fix proof: the prior head timed out for id 1.5 and rejected both the fractional float and exponent json.Number cases. Validation:
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Approving on 6bc1a455. Sorry this waited on a stale change request.
All four are fixed, and the first two are fixed more thoroughly than I asked for. client.mu does not exist any more: writes go through a bounded writeQueue served by a single writer goroutine, writeOp carries its own context, and dispatchMu is documented as never held across a blocking read or write. That is the structural version of what I suggested rather than a patch over it.
I re-ran the measurement from last time on this head. Same fixture, peer never drains, forty server-initiated unknown-method requests queued behind it:
[deadline] request returned after 300ms: context deadline exceeded
>>> the caller could give up
Previously that read request did NOT honour its 300ms deadline after 3s. That was the part I cared about most, since a caller that cannot give up is worse than the stall it replaced.
The unbounded go func() per server request is gone too. The courtesy reply is now a non-blocking send with a default: drop, so a peer that sends many gets dropped replies rather than a goroutine each contending for a lock. The comment above it now describes what the code actually does, which was my other complaint about the previous revision.
jsonRPCIDEchoable and TestStdioClientDropsInvalidServerRequestIDs are both back, so an id of true or an object is rejected rather than echoed.
go test -race -count=2 ./internal/mcp passes, vet and gofmt clean, cross-compiles for linux, darwin and windows. Seven checks green.
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I found issues that need to be addressed before this is ready.
Merge readiness
- [P1] Rebase onto current
mainbefore merge
internal/mcp/client.go:1
The branch still merges from27b319ca, while livemainis1b5db176and has advanced by two commits. GitHub currently reports this mergeable, but the repository contribution rules require a fresh base before review/merge. Please rebase onto currentmainand rerun the relevant checks.
Findings
-
[P2] Give the writer worker an explicit shutdown lifecycle
internal/mcp/client.go:385
ensureWriterstarts a goroutine whose only exit is the end offor op := range client.writeQueue.Client.Closecloses stdin and tears down the child process, but it never closes or cancels that queue; terminal reader errors do not do so either. Initialization always writes through this path, so every successfully connected stdio client leaves an idle worker retaining theClientafterRuntime.Close, failed tool discovery, or later reconfiguration. Repeated connect/close cycles therefore grow the goroutine count indefinitely.Address the lifecycle root cause rather than only suppressing the symptom: make client shutdown own the writer worker’s termination signal, stop accepting new operations once shutdown begins, and ensure queued callers are released with a shutdown error. Preserve the current bounded best-effort courtesy replies and avoid closing a channel concurrently with active senders.
-
[P2] Preserve the original numeric ID before generating a courtesy response
internal/mcp/protocol.go:83
decodeMessageunmarshalsrpcMessage.IDintoany, so JSON numbers becomefloat64. A valid JSON-RPC integer such as9007199254740993is consequently rounded to9007199254740992beforereadLoopcopies it into the new-32601response. The peer receives a syntactically valid response with a different ID and cannot associate it with its server-initiated request; retries or a stuck request are the likely result. Existing tests exercise only numbers that IEEE-754 can represent exactly.Fix this at the decoding boundary: retain the ID’s JSON number token (for example with
Decoder.UseNumberor a raw-ID representation) and echo that exact value after validating that it is a permitted JSON-RPC number. Keep the existing rejection of booleans, objects, arrays, non-finite values, and malformed numbers. Add an end-to-end pipe test using an integer above2^53, asserting the serialized courtesy response retains the original digits.
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/client.go`:
- Around line 452-455: Update the writeQueue handling in the client read loop so
a full queue does not silently discard the valid -32601 courtesy response.
Preserve read-loop progress while retaining or explicitly handling the reply,
ensuring it is eventually delivered once output becomes writable.
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I found issues that need to be addressed before this is ready.
Findings
-
[P3] Preserve
method-member presence when classifying inbound frames
internal/mcp/client.go:447
The new discriminator checksmessage.Method != "", butrpcMessage.Methodis a value string and Go unmarshalling collapses an absent member and an explicitly empty member to the same""value. An inbound{"id":1,"method":""}therefore reaches the response path. If client call ID 1 is pending,readLoopremoves its pending channel andrequestreturns success without either a result or error—the dispatcher confusion this PR is meant to prevent remains reachable for that protocol shape.Address the root cause at the decoded-message boundary: retain whether
methodwas present (for example with a raw/pointer representation or custom decoding), and make any frame containing that member bypass pending-response dispatch. Add a pipe regression test that sends this frame before the real response and proves the pending call is not completed. -
[P2] Do not silently abandon a valid server request when the writer queue is full
internal/mcp/client.go:459
A blocked peer can leave the writer stuck on its first courtesy reply while further server requests fill the 32-slot queue. For the next request with an ID, thedefaultbranch drops the generated-32601permanently. If the peer later resumes draining, it receives no response for that request and can wait or retry until its timeout, despite the new request path promising a protocol error reply.Fix the root backpressure policy rather than merely increasing the queue capacity: preserve read-loop progress while retaining an eventual reply or giving the request an explicit, peer-visible failure policy. The design must not silently turn an identified JSON-RPC request into no response, and should include a regression that fills the queue, resumes output, and verifies the request is accounted for.
-
[P2] Give the writer worker a shutdown lifecycle
internal/mcp/client.go:383
Every successful stdio connection startswriteLoopduring initialization. Its only exit israngeobserving a closedwriteQueue, but neitherClosenor the terminal reader-error path closes or cancels that queue. After stdin and the child process are torn down, the worker remains blocked receiving from the open channel and retains the entireClient; repeated connect/close or MCP reconfiguration cycles therefore leak one goroutine apiece.Give the writer an owned shutdown state that stops new submissions, unblocks the worker, and resolves queued callers with a shutdown error. Do not close a sendable queue concurrently with producers; synchronize admission and teardown through the same lifecycle mechanism. Add a repeated connect/close or direct client-close regression that proves the worker exits and queued operations are released.
-
[P2] Echo the original numeric request ID instead of its rounded
float64
internal/mcp/protocol.go:83
decodeMessageunmarshalsIDthroughany, turning wire ID9007199254740993into roundedfloat64(9007199254740992)before the new courtesy-reply path copies and serializes it. The peer receives a syntactically valid-32601response with a different ID, so it cannot correlate that response to its request and may retry or wait indefinitely. The current fractional/exponent tests only cover values that survive this conversion.Fix the root representation loss at decoding: retain the original JSON number token until it has been validated and emitted in the response (for example with
Decoder.UseNumberor a raw-ID representation). Keep rejecting unsupported and non-finite IDs, and add an end-to-end pipe test above2^53that asserts the serialized response retains the original digits.
An explicit empty method string is a request, not a response. Courtesy -32601 is still dropped when the write queue is full: failAll on that path stopped the reader and blocked inbound pipe writes (TestStdioClientUndrainedServerDoesNotBlockCallerWithDeadline).
The inbound reader must not stop. An empty select default is now an atomic counter rather than a silent discard.
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Inline comments:
In `@internal/mcp/protocol.go`:
- Line 31: Update the protocol frame decoding around the Method field and
readLoop so a method key is detected independently of its decoded value:
distinguish an absent member from {"method":null} using json.RawMessage, or
reject non-string method values before dispatch. Ensure method-bearing frames
cannot be routed as responses or consume pending requests.
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I found issues that need to be addressed before this is ready.
Findings
-
[P1] Bound retained courtesy replies when the peer stops reading
internal/mcp/client.go:493
Once the 32-slot writer queue is full, every additional server request is
appended tocourtesyOverflow. A server can stop draining its stdin, which
blockswriteLoopon the first-32601reply, while continuing to emit
request frames on stdout.readLoopkeeps parsing those frames and appending
one reply per frame, so the queue capacity no longer bounds retained memory
and the server can exhaust Zero's heap. The new full-queue regression only
exercises eight overflow entries and deliberately requires all of them to be
retained, so it does not cover this resource-exhaustion path.Address the backpressure policy at the scheduling boundary: retain
read-loop progress, but bound every server-controlled reply backlog and give
overflow a defined behavior (for example an explicit bounded failure/drop
policy or a transport shutdown). Do not fix this merely by increasing the
queue capacity; that only moves the exhaustion threshold and leaves the
unbounded producer/blocked-consumer relationship intact. -
[P2] Keep the writer's queue reference stable during shutdown
internal/mcp/client.go:433
finishWriterShutdowncaptureswriteQueueand then clears the field before
waiting forwriterDone, while a newly spawnedwriteLooplater ranges over
that field. If shutdown wins the race before the goroutine evaluates the
range, it ranges over nil forever andClosewaits forever onwriterDone.
This is reachable when initialization/caller cancellation follows
startWriterclosely enough that failure cleanup entersClosebefore the
goroutine is scheduled. The existing sender wait group prevents closing the
channel while active senders use it, but it cannot make the worker's later
field read safe.Make the worker own an immutable queue reference for its entire lifetime—for
example, pass the newly created channel towriteLoopor store it in a local
that is never cleared by shutdown. Preserve the current admission barrier and
sender quiescence so the fix does not reintroduce send-on-closed-channel
races. -
[P2] Accept exponent-form numeric response IDs
internal/mcp/client.go:648
Decoding now preserves JSON numbers asjson.Number, butInt64rejects a
valid response ID such as1e0. A server response with that numerically
equivalent form is therefore silently ignored instead of resolving pending
request ID 1, leaving callers without a deadline blocked. This is a
regression from the base implementation, where ordinary decoding produced
float64(1)and routed the response. The new tests cover exponent-form IDs
only in the courtesy-error echo path, not throughrpcMessageIDand pending
response dispatch.Separate exact wire-token preservation from response correlation: keep the
originaljson.Numberspelling for courtesy responses, but normalize every
finite, integral numeric spelling (including exponent notation) when matching
it to Zero's integer request IDs. Continue rejecting fractional and
out-of-range values so this does not broaden which responses can satisfy a
pending request.
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Heads may have crossed with the 15:21 review. The commit that addresses those three findings is |
jatmn
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I found issues that need to be addressed before this is ready.
Findings
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[P1] Apply the method-presence guard to the SSE response paths
internal/mcp/network_client.go:542
The stdio dispatcher now correctly treats the presence of the JSON-RPCmethodmember as the request/notification discriminator, including"method":""and"method":null. The SSE paths do not share that rule:deliverEventMessagederivesrpcResponseKey(message.ID)and deletespending[key]before checking whether the frame is a request, whiledecodeSSERPCMessageskips only a nonemptyMethod. Consequently, an SSE server frame such as{"id":<pending-id>,"method":""}or{"id":<pending-id>,"method":null}completes the in-flight request with an empty result; the real response then has no pending receiver. This preserves the same request/response confusion on the SSE mirror that the PR claims to address through#935.The root cause is that response classification is implemented separately by transport, even though
rpcMessage.UnmarshalJSONnow supplies the method-presence information needed by all of them. Make every SSE response-selection and pending-delivery path reject method-bearing frames before looking up or deleting a pending ID. Prefer a shared response-classification helper (or an equally single-source rule) so stdio and SSE cannot diverge again. Add regressions for both the stream-delivery and POST-SSE response paths: send an ID-colliding empty/null-method frame followed by the real response, and assert that only the real response completes the call. Preserve valid methodless responses, endpoint negotiation, and the existing courtesy-reply behavior.
Treat method presence the same on stdio and SSE so empty or null method never completes a pending client request.
5 participants
Fixes #935, #924 (Z-052)
Problem
In the MCP stdio client,
readLoopmatched incoming frames purely on integer ID without checking if the frame was a response or a server-initiated request/notification (with amethodfield). If an MCP server issued an inbound request with the same numeric ID as an in-flight client call, the dispatcher misdelivered the server's request as the response to the client.Solution
internal/mcp/client.goreadLoop, checkif message.Method != ''and skip response routing.-32601(Method not supported).internal/mcp/client_test.goverifying server requests do not resolve client response channels.Validation
go test -race ./internal/mcp/...passes cleanly.Summary by CodeRabbit