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fricoben merged 1 commit into from
Apr 16, 2026
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Add ERC-7984 confidential token research article #23

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116 changes: 116 additions & 0 deletions components/research/ConfidentialTransferDiagram.jsx
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export default function ConfidentialTransferDiagram({ className = '' }) {
return (
<div className={className}>
<div className="grid grid-cols-1 md:grid-cols-2 gap-4">
{/* ERC-20 */}
<div className="border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5">
<p className="text-[12px] font-semibold text-muted uppercase tracking-wider mb-5">
ERC-20 transfer
</p>

{/* Scenario: enough funds */}
<div className="mb-5">
<p className="text-[11px] font-medium text-emerald-600 mb-2 flex items-center gap-1.5">
<span className="inline-block w-1.5 h-1.5 rounded-full bg-emerald-500" />
Alice has 100, sends 50 to Bob
</p>
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 text-[13px]">
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Alice</span>
<span className="font-mono">100 → 50</span>
</div>
<span className="text-muted text-[16px]">→</span>
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Bob</span>
<span className="font-mono">0 → 50</span>
</div>
</div>
<p className="text-[11px] text-emerald-600 mt-1.5 font-medium">
✓ Transfer succeeds
</p>
</div>

{/* Scenario: not enough funds */}
<div>
<p className="text-[11px] font-medium text-red-500 mb-2 flex items-center gap-1.5">
<span className="inline-block w-1.5 h-1.5 rounded-full bg-red-400" />
Alice has 30, sends 50 to Bob
</p>
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 text-[13px]">
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-red-50 border border-red-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Alice</span>
<span className="font-mono line-through text-red-400">
30
</span>
</div>
<span className="text-red-300 text-[16px]">✕</span>
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-red-50 border border-red-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Bob</span>
<span className="font-mono line-through text-red-400">0</span>
</div>
</div>
<p className="text-[11px] text-red-500 mt-1.5 font-medium">
✕ Transaction reverts. Everyone sees it failed.
</p>
</div>
</div>

{/* ERC-7984 */}
<div className="border border-gray-200 rounded-lg p-5 bg-[#fafafa]">
<p className="text-[12px] font-semibold text-muted uppercase tracking-wider mb-5">
ERC-7984 transfer (encrypted)
</p>

{/* Scenario: enough funds */}
<div className="mb-5">
<p className="text-[11px] font-medium text-emerald-600 mb-2 flex items-center gap-1.5">
<span className="inline-block w-1.5 h-1.5 rounded-full bg-emerald-500" />
Alice has 100, sends 50 to Bob
</p>
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 text-[13px]">
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Alice</span>
<span className="font-mono">🔒 → 🔒</span>
</div>
<span className="text-muted text-[16px]">→</span>
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-gray-50 border border-gray-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Bob</span>
<span className="font-mono">🔒 → 🔒</span>
</div>
</div>
<p className="text-[11px] text-emerald-600 mt-1.5 font-medium">
✓ 50 moved, but amounts stay hidden
</p>
</div>

{/* Scenario: not enough funds */}
<div>
<p className="text-[11px] font-medium text-amber-600 mb-2 flex items-center gap-1.5">
<span className="inline-block w-1.5 h-1.5 rounded-full bg-amber-500" />
Alice has 30, sends 50 to Bob
</p>
<div className="flex items-center gap-3 text-[13px]">
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Alice</span>
<span className="font-mono">🔒 → 🔒</span>
</div>
<span className="text-amber-400 text-[16px]">→</span>
<div className="flex-1 rounded bg-amber-50 border border-amber-200 px-3 py-2 text-center">
<span className="text-muted text-[11px] block">Bob</span>
<span className="font-mono">🔒 → 🔒</span>
</div>
</div>
<p className="text-[11px] text-amber-600 mt-1.5 font-medium">
✓ Tx succeeds, but 0 moved. No one can tell it failed.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<p className="mt-3 text-center text-[11px] text-muted/70">
ERC-7984 never reverts on insufficient balance. Reverting would reveal
that the sender doesn&apos;t have enough funds.
</p>
</div>
)
}
107 changes: 107 additions & 0 deletions components/research/ZamaGuarantee.jsx
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import { useState, useEffect, useRef } from 'react'
import { ExternalLinkIcon } from './ExternalLink'

const FORMAL_INVARIANTS = [
'balances\u2032[from] + balances\u2032[to] = balances[from] + balances[to]',
'balance \u2265 amount \u2192 balances\u2032[from] = balances[from] \u2212 amount \u2227 balances\u2032[to] = balances[to] + amount',
'balance < amount \u2192 balances\u2032[from] = balances[from] \u2227 balances\u2032[to] = balances[to]',
'balance < amount \u2192 \u00ACreverts',
'\u2200 transfer, totalSupply\u2032 = totalSupply'
]

export default function ZamaGuarantee() {
const [showEnglish, setShowEnglish] = useState(true)
const timerRef = useRef(null)

useEffect(() => {
timerRef.current = setTimeout(() => setShowEnglish(false), 5000)
return () => clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
}, [])

const handleToggle = () => {
if (timerRef.current) {
clearTimeout(timerRef.current)
timerRef.current = null
}
setShowEnglish((prev) => !prev)
}

return (
<div className="py-6">
<button
onClick={handleToggle}
className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[12px] font-semibold text-muted hover:text-heading transition-colors cursor-pointer mb-4"
>
<svg
viewBox="0 0 24 24"
className="w-[13px] h-[13px]"
fill="none"
stroke="currentColor"
strokeWidth="1.5"
strokeLinecap="round"
strokeLinejoin="round"
>
<path d="m5 8 6 6" />
<path d="m4 14 6-6 2-3" />
<path d="M2 5h12" />
<path d="M7 2h1" />
<path d="m22 22-5-10-5 10" />
<path d="M14 18h6" />
</svg>
{showEnglish ? 'Switch to formal' : 'Switch to English'}
</button>

<div className="grid text-center [&>*]:col-start-1 [&>*]:row-start-1">
<div
className="flex flex-col items-center justify-center gap-4 md:gap-5 transition-opacity duration-200 text-[0.84rem] md:text-[1.05rem] font-mono text-primary leading-snug"
style={{
opacity: showEnglish ? 0 : 1,
pointerEvents: showEnglish ? 'none' : 'auto'
}}
aria-hidden={showEnglish}
>
{FORMAL_INVARIANTS.map((formal, i) => (
<code
key={i}
className="block w-full max-w-full overflow-x-auto px-1"
>
{formal}
</code>
))}
</div>
<div
className="flex items-center justify-center transition-opacity duration-200"
style={{
opacity: showEnglish ? 1 : 0,
pointerEvents: showEnglish ? 'auto' : 'none'
}}
aria-hidden={!showEnglish}
>
<div className="flex flex-col items-center gap-3 md:gap-4 max-w-prose mx-auto px-1">
<p className="text-xl md:text-2xl leading-snug font-serif">
Tokens are never created or destroyed by a transfer.
</p>
<p className="text-xl md:text-2xl leading-snug font-serif">
Sufficient transfers move exactly the requested amount.
</p>
<p className="text-xl md:text-2xl leading-snug font-serif">
Insufficient transfers change nothing and never revert.
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

<div className="text-right mt-4">
<a
href="https://github.com/lfglabs-dev/verity-benchmark/blob/main/Benchmark/Cases/Zama/ERC7984ConfidentialToken/Specs.lean"
target="_blank"
rel="noopener noreferrer"
className="inline-flex items-center gap-1.5 text-[12px] font-semibold text-accent hover:text-heading transition-colors cursor-pointer"
>
View Lean
<ExternalLinkIcon />
</a>
</div>
</div>
)
}
10 changes: 10 additions & 0 deletions data/research.js
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export const research = [
{
slug: 'zama-erc7984-confidential-token',
title: 'ERC-7984 Confidential Token Invariants',
subtitle:
'Formally verified accounting properties of the Confidential Token Standard.',
description:
'How we proved transfer conservation, mint/burn correctness, and overflow protection for ERC-7984 (Zama fhEVM + OpenZeppelin) using Verity and Lean 4.',
date: '2026-04-16',
tag: 'Case study'
},
{
slug: 'stream-recovery-claim',
title: 'StreamRecoveryClaim Accounting Invariants',
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